012-sql-to-char

to_char in PostgreSQL

The to_char function in PostgreSQL is used to format various data types, such as dates and numbers, into a string according to a specified format. It is particularly useful when you need to display data in a human-readable format or when you need specific parts of a date or number.

Basic Syntax

sqlCopy code
to_char(value, format)

• value: The value you want to format (can be a date, timestamp, or number).
• format: The format string that specifies how the value should be formatted.

Commonly Used Format Patterns

For Dates and Timestamps

• YYYY: Year in 4 digits (e.g., 2024)
• YY: Year in 2 digits (e.g., 24)
• MM: Month number (01-12)
• Mon: Abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan, Feb)
• Month: Full month name (e.g., January)
• DD: Day of the month (01-31)
• Day: Full name of the day of the week (e.g., Sunday)
• HH24: Hour in 24-hour format (00-23)
• HH12: Hour in 12-hour format (01-12)
• MI: Minutes (00-59)
• SS: Seconds (00-59)

For Numbers

• 9: Digit placeholder (can be multiple digits, e.g., 999)
• 0: Digit placeholder that pads with zeros
• .: Decimal point
• ,: Group (thousands) separator
• S: Sign (+ or “)

Examples

Formatting Dates

1. Extract Year and Month

   sqlCopy code
   SELECT to_char(order_date, 'YYYY-MM') AS year_month
   FROM orders;

2. Full Date with Month Name

   sqlCopy code
   SELECT to_char(order_date, 'Month DD, YYYY') AS formatted_date
   FROM orders;

3. Day of the Week

   sqlCopy code
   SELECT to_char(order_date, 'Day') AS day_of_week
   FROM orders;

Formatting Numbers

1. Integer with Leading Zeros

   sqlCopy code
   SELECT to_char(7, '000') AS formatted_number;
   -- Output: '007'

2. Decimal Number with Thousands Separator

   sqlCopy code
   SELECT to_char(12345.67, '9,999.99') AS formatted_number;
   -- Output: '12,345.67'

3. Currency Format

   sqlCopy code
   SELECT to_char(12345.67, 'L9,999.99') AS formatted_number;
   -- Output depends on locale setting, e.g., '$12,345.67'